methods, notes and classification
00 Australia01 Austria02 Belgium03 Canada04 Chile05 Colombia06 Costa Rica07 Czech Republic08 Denmark09 Estonia0a Finland0b France0c Germany0d Greece0e Hungary0f Iceland0g Ireland0h Israel0i Italy0j Japan0k Korea0l Latvia0m Lithuania0n Luxembourg0o Mexico0p Netherlands0q New Zealand0r Norway0s Poland0t Portugal0u Slovak Republic0v Slovenia0w Spain0x Sweden0y Switzerland0z Turkey10 United Kingdom11 United States12 European Union (28 countries)13 OECD - Total14 Argentina15 Brazil16 China (People's Republic of)17 Egypt18 India19 Indonesia1a Malaysia1b Peru1c Russia1d South Africa1e Thailand00 GERD, million NC01 GERD, million USD PPPs02 GERD, million constant USD PPPs03 GERD, % of GDP04 GERD, OECD share, %05 GERD, world share estimate, %06 GERD, compound annual growth rate at constant prices, %07 GERD, financed by industry, million NC08 GERD, financed by industry, million USD PPPs09 GERD, financed by industry, million constant USD PPPs0a GERD, financed by industry, % of total GERD0b GERD, financed by industry, % of GDP0c GERD, financed by government (select)0d GERD, financed by government, million NC0e GERD, financed by government, million USD PPPs0f GERD, financed by government, million constant USD PPPs0g GERD, financed by government, % of total GERD0h GERD, financed by government, % of GDP0i GERD, financed by higher education (select)0j GERD, financed by higher education, million NC0k GERD, financed by higher education, million USD PPPs0l GERD, financed by higher education, million constant USD PPPs0m GERD, financed by higher education, % of total GERD0n GERD, financed by higher education, % of GDP0o GERD, publically financed (by government and higher education) million NC0p GERD, publically financed (by government and higher education) million USD PPPs0q GERD, publically financed (by government and higher education) million constant USD PPPs0r GERD, publically financed (by government and higher education), % of total GERD0s GERD, publically financed, % of GDP0t GERD, publically financed, compound annual growth rate - constant prices0u GERD, financed by private non-profit sector (select)0v GERD, financed by private non-profit sector, million NC0w GERD, financed by private non-profit sector, million USD PPPs0x GERD, financed by private non-profit sector, million constant USD PPPs0y GERD, financed by private non-profit sector, % of total GERD0z GERD, financed by private non-profit sector, % of total GDP10 GERD, financed by other national sources, million NC11 GERD, financed by other national sources, million USD PPPs12 GERD, financed by other national sources, million constant USD PPPs13 GERD, financed by other national sources, % of total GERD14 GERD, financed by other national sources, % of GDP15 GERD, financed by other national sources, compound annual growth rate at constant prices, %16 GERD, financed by abroad, million NC17 GERD, financed by abroad, million USD PPPs18 GERD, financed by abroad, million constant USD PPPs19 GERD, financed by abroad, % of total GERD1a GERD, financed by abroad, % of GDP1b Basic research expenditures, million NC1c Basic research expenditures, million USD PPPs1d Basic research expenditures, % of GDP1e Applied research expenditures, million NC1f Applied research expenditures, million USD PPPs1g Applied research expenditures, % of GDP1h Experimental development expenditures, million NC1i Experimental development expenditures, million USD PPPs1j Experimental development expenditures, % of GDP1k BERD, million NC1l BERD, million USD PPPs1m BERD, million constant USD PPPs1n BERD, % of total gross domestic R&D expenditures (GERD)1o BERD, % of GDP1p BERD, compound annual growth rate at constant prices, %1q BERD, % of GDP, performance index (STI Outlook)1r BERD, financed by industry, million NC1s BERD, financed by industry, million USD PPPs1t BERD, financed by industry, million constant USD PPPs1u BERD, financed by industry, % of total BERD1v BERD, financed by industry, % of total GERD1w BERD, financed by industry, % of GDP1x BERD, financed by government (direct), million NC1y BERD, financed by government (direct), million USD PPPs1z BERD, financed by government (direct), million constant USD PPPs20 BERD, financed by government (direct), % of total BERD21 BERD, financed by government (direct), % of total GERD22 BERD, financed by government (direct), % of GDP23 BERD, financed by direct and tax funding, % of total BERD24 BERD, financed by direct and tax funding, % of GDP25 BERD, financed by direct and tax funding, % of total public funding of R&D26 BERD, financed by higher education, million NC27 BERD, financed by higher education, million USD PPPs28 BERD, financed by higher education, million constant USD PPPs29 BERD, financed by higher education, % of GDP2a BERD, financed by private non-profit sector, million NC2b BERD, financed by private non-profit sector, million USD PPPs2c BERD, financed by private non-profit sector, million constant USD PPPs2d BERD, financed by private non-profit sector, % of GDP2e BERD, financed by other national sources, million NC2f BERD, financed by other national sources, million USD PPPs2g BERD, financed by other national sources, million constant USD PPPs2h BERD, financed by abroad, million NC2i BERD, financed by abroad, million USD PPPs2j BERD, financed by abroad, million constant USD PPPs2k BERD, financed by abroad, % of GDP2l Small and medium-sized firms (SMEs) (select): BERD, SMEs, % of total BERD2m Large firms (select): BERD, large firms, % of total BERD2n Applied research expenditures, business enterprise, million NC2o Applied research expenditures, business enterprise, million USD PPPs2p Applied research expenditures, business enterprise, % of GDP2q Experimental development expenditures, business enterprise, million NC2r Experimental development expenditures, business enterprise, million USD PPPs2s Experimental development expenditures, business enterprise, % of GDP2t High tech manufacturing, % BERD (main activity)2u Medium to low-tech manufacturing, % BERD (main activity)2v High-knowledge market services, % BERD (main activity)2w Low-knowledge services, % BERD (main activity)2x Primary and resource-based industries, % BERD2y Non-resource-based manufacturing industries, % BERD2z BERD performed in industry (Mining, Manufacturing and Utilities), % of BERD30 BERD performed in services, % of BERD31 HERD, million NC32 HERD, million USD PPPs33 HERD, million constant USD PPPs34 HERD, % of total gross domestic R&D expenditures (GERD)35 HERD, % of public sector R&D expenditures (PSERD)36 HERD, % of GDP37 HERD, financed by industry, million NC38 HERD, financed by industry, million USD PPPs39 HERD, financed by industry, million constant USD PPPs3a HERD, financed by industry, % of total HERD3b HERD, financed by industry, % of total GERD3c HERD, financed by industry, % of GDP3d HERD, financed by government, million NC3e HERD, financed by government, million USD PPPs3f HERD, financed by government, million constant USD PPPs3g HERD, financed by government, % of total GERD3h HERD, financed by government, % of GDP3i HERD, financed by higher education, million NC3j HERD, financed by higher education, million USD PPPs3k HERD, financed by higher education, million constant USD PPPs3l HERD, financed by higher education, % of total GERD3m HERD, financed by higher education, % of GDP3n HERD, financed by private non-profit sector, million NC3o HERD, financed by private non-profit sector, million USD PPPs3p HERD, financed by private non-profit sector, % of GDP3q HERD, financed by abroad, million NC3r HERD, financed by abroad, million USD PPPs3s HERD, financed by abroad, % of GDP3t Basic research expenditures, higher education, million NC3u Basic research expenditures, higher education, million USD PPPs3v Basic research expenditures, higher education, million constant USD PPPs3w Basic research expenditures, higher education, % of GDP3x Basic research expenditures, higher education, % of total basic research3y Applied research expenditures, higher education, million NC3z Applied research expenditures, higher education, million USD PPPs40 Applied research expenditures, higher education, million constant USD PPPs41 Applied research expenditures, higher education, % of GDP42 Experimental development expenditures, higher education, million NC43 Experimental development expenditures, higher education, million USD PPPs44 Experimental development expenditures, higher education, million constant USD PPPs45 Experimental development expenditures, higher education, % of GDP46 GOVERD, million NC47 GOVERD, million USD PPPs48 GOVERD, million constant USD PPPs49 GOVERD, % of total gross domestic R&D expenditures (GERD)4a GOVERD, % of GDP4b GOVERD, financed by industry, million NC4c GOVERD, financed by industry, million USD PPPs4d GOVERD, financed by industry, million constant USD PPPs4e GOVERD, financed by industry, % of GDP4f GOVERD, financed by government, million NC4g GOVERD, financed by government, million USD PPPs4h GOVERD, financed by government, % of GDP4i GOVERD, financed by government, million constant USD PPPs4j GOVERD, financed by higher education, million NC4k GOVERD, financed by higher education, million USD PPPs4l GOVERD, financed by higher education, million constant USD PPPs4m GOVERD, financed by higher education, % of GDP4n GOVERD, financed by public sources, million USD PPPs4o GOVERD, financed by public sources, million constant USD PPPs4p GOVERD, financed by public sources, % of GDP4q GOVERD, financed by private non-profit sector, million NC4r GOVERD, financed funded by private non-profit sector, million USD PPPs4s GOVERD, financed by private non-profit sector, million constant USD PPPs4t GOVERD, financed by private non-profit sector, % of GDP4u GOVERD, financed by abroad, million NC4v GOVERD, financed by abroad, million USD PPPs4w GOVERD, financed by abroad, million constant USD PPPs4x GOVERD, financed by abroad, % of GDP4y Basic research expenditures, government, million NC4z Basic research expenditures, government, million USD PPPs50 Basic research expenditures, government, million constant USD PPPs51 Basic research expenditures, government, % of GDP52 Basic research expenditures, government, % of total basic research53 Applied research expenditures, government, million NC54 Applied research expenditures, government, million USD PPPs55 Applied research expenditures, government, million constant USD PPPs56 Applied research expenditures, government, % of GDP57 Experimental development expenditures, government, million NC58 Experimental development expenditures, government, million USD PPPs59 Experimental development expenditures, government, million constant USD PPPs5a Experimental development expenditures, government, % of GDP5b PSERD, million USD PPPs5c PSERD, % of GDP5d PSERD, performance index (STI Outlook)5e PSERD, financed by industry, million USD PPPs5f PSERD, financed by industry, % of total PSERD5g PSERD, financed by industry, % of GDP5h Industry financed public R&D expenditure, performance index (STI Outlook)5i PSERD, financed by government, million USD PPPs5j PSERD, financed by government, % of GDP5k PSERD, financed by higher education, million USD PPPs5l PSERD, financed by higher education, % of GDP5m PSERD, financed by public sources, million USD PPPs5n PSERD, financed by public sources, % of GDP5o Other national sources (select): PSERD, financed by other national sources, million USD PPPs5p Funding from abroad (select): PSERD, financed by abroad, million NC5q Basic research expenditures, public research, million NC5r Basic research expenditures, public research, million USD PPPs5s Basic research expenditures, public research, % of total public R&D5t Basic research expenditures, public research, % of GDP5u Basic research expenditures, public research, % of total basic research5v Applied research expenditures, public research, million USD PPPs5w Applied research expenditures, public research, % of GDP5x Experimental development expenditures, public research, million USD PPPs5y Experimental development expenditures, public research, % of GDP5z Private non-profit expenditure on R&D, million NC60 Private non-profit expenditure on R&D, million USD PPPs61 Private non-profit expenditure on R&D, million constant USD PPPs62 Private non-profit expenditure on R&D, % of GERD63 Private non-profit expenditure on R&D, % of GDP64 Private non-profit R&D, financed by industry, million NC65 Private non-profit R&D, financed by industry, million USD PPPs66 Private non-profit R&D, financed by industry, million constant USD PPPs67 Private non-profit R&D, financed by industry, % of GERD68 Private non-profit R&D, financed by industry, % of GDP69 Private non-profit R&D, financed by government, million NC6a Private non-profit R&D, financed by government, million USD PPPs6b Private non-profit R&D, financed by government, million constant USD PPPs6c Private non-profit R&D, financed by government, % of GERD6d Private non-profit R&D, financed by government, % of GDP6e Private non-profit R&D, financed by higher education, million NC6f Private non-profit R&D, financed by higher education, million USD PPPs6g Private non-profit R&D, financed by higher education, million constant USD PPPs6h Private non-profit R&D, financed by higher education, % of GERD6i Private non-profit R&D, financed by higher education, % of GDP6j Private non-profit R&D, financed by private non-profit sector, million NC6k Private non-profit R&D, financed by private non-profit sector, million USD PPPs6l Private non-profit R&D, financed by private non-profit sector, million constant USD PPPs6m Private non-profit R&D, financed by private non-profit sector, % of GERD6n Private non-profit R&D, financed by private non-profit sector, % of GDP6o Private non-profit R&D, financed by abroad, million NC6p Private non-profit R&D, financed by abroad, million USD PPPs6q Private non-profit R&D, financed by abroad, million constant USD PPPs6r Private non-profit R&D, financed by abroad, % of GERD6s Private non-profit R&D, financed by abroad, % of GDP6t GBAORD, million NC6u GBAORD, million USD PPPs6v GBAORD, million constant USD PPPs6w GBAORD, % of GDP6x GBAORD, % of general government expenditures6y GBAORD, defence, million NC6z GBAORD, defence, million USD PPPs70 GBAORD, defence, million constant USD PPPs71 GBAORD, defence, % of total GBAORD72 GBAORD, defence, % of GDP73 GBAORD, civil, million NC74 GBAORD, civil, million USD PPPs75 GBAORD, civil, million constant USD PPPs76 GBAORD, civil, % of total GBAORD77 GBAORD, civil, % of GDP78 GBAORD, non-oriented research, million NC79 GBAORD, non-oriented research, million USD PPPs7a GBAORD, non-oriented research, million constant USD PPPs7b GBAORD, non-oriented research, % of total GBAORD7c GBAORD, non-oriented research, % of GDP7d GBAORD, generic research, % of total civil GBAORD7e GBAORD, total thematic, million NC7f GBAORD, total thematic, million USD PPPs7g GBAORD, total thematic, million constant USD PPPs7h GBAORD, total thematic, % of total GBAORD7i GBAORD, total thematic, % of GDP7j GBAORD, space, million NC7k GBAORD, space, million USD PPPs7l GBAORD, space, million constant USD PPPs7m GBAORD, space, % of total GBAORD7n GBAORD, space, % of GDP7o GBAORD, earth, million NC7p GBAORD, earth, million USD PPPs7q GBAORD, earth, million constant USD PPPs7r GBAORD, earth, % of total GBAORD7s GBAORD, earth, % of GDP7t GBAORD, energy, million NC7u GBAORD, energy, million USD PPPs7v GBAORD, energy, million constant USD PPPs7w GBAORD, energy, % of total GBAORD7x GBAORD, energy, % of GDP7y GBAORD, environment, million NC7z GBAORD, environment, million USD PPPs80 GBAORD, environment, million constant USD PPPs81 GBAORD, environment, % of total GBAORD82 GBAORD, environment, % of GDP83 GBAORD, agriculture, million NC84 GBAORD, agriculture, million USD PPPs85 GBAORD, agriculture, million constant USD PPPs86 GBAORD, agriculture, % of total GBAORD87 GBAORD, agriculture, % of GDP88 GBAORD, health, million NC89 GBAORD, health, million USD PPPs8a GBAORD, health, million constant USD PPPs8b GBAORD, health, % of total GBAORD8c GBAORD, health, % of GDP8d GBAORD, telecom and infrastructures, million NC8e GBAORD, telecom and infrastructures, million USD PPPs8f GBAORD, telecom and infrastructures, million constant USD PPPs8g GBAORD, telecom and infrastructures, % of total GBAORD8h GBAORD, telecom and infrastructures, % of GDP8i GBAORD, industrial production, million NC8j GBAORD, industrial production, million USD PPPs8k GBAORD, industrial production, million constant USD PPPs8l GBAORD, industrial production, % of total GBAORD8m GBAORD, industrial production, % of GDP8n Public R&D budgets by allocation mechanism (select): Institutional block funding, % of total funding to national performers8o Total RD&D, million NC8p Total RD&D, million USD PPPs8q Demonstration, million NC8r Demonstration, million USD PPPs8s Demonstration, million constant USD PPPs8t GFCF, million USD PPPs8u GFCF, million constant USD PPPs8v GFCF, % of GDP8w Investments on intangible fixed assets (select): Investments on intangible fixed assets, % of GDP8x ICT investments, total, % of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF)8y ICT investments, total, % of GDP8z ICT investment, performance index (STI Outlook)90 ICT investments, machinery and equipment, % of GDP91 ICT investments, software, % of gross fixed capital formation (GFCF)92 ICT investments, software, % of GDP93 Education expenditure, total, million USD PPPs94 Education expenditure, total, % of GDP95 Education expenditure, financed by government, million USD PPPs96 Education expenditure, financed by government, % of GDP97 Tertiary education expenditure, million NC98 Tertiary education expenditure, million USD PPPs99 Tertiary education expenditure, million constant USD PPPs9a Tertiary education expenditure, % of GDP9b Tertiary education expenditure, performance index (STI Outlook)9c Tertiary education expenditure, financed by government, million NC9d Tertiary education expenditure, financed by government, million USD PPPs9e Tertiary education expenditure, financed by government, % of GDP9f Tertiary education expenditure, financed by government, % of general government expenditure9g Adult population at tertiary education level, % total9h Adult population at tertiary education level, performance index (STI Outlook)9i Top performers in science among 15-year olds, % total9j Top 15 year-old performers in science, performance index (STI Outlook)9k Top performers in mathematics among 15-year olds, % total9l Top performers in reading among 15-year olds, % total9m Top adult performers in literacy , % of 16-65 year-old adults9n Top adult performers in numeracy, % of 16-65 year-old adults9o Top adult performers in problem solving in technology-rich environments, % of 16-65-year-old adults9p Top adult performers in technology problem solving, performance index (STI Outlook)9q University graduates (ISCED2011 levels 5 to 8) all educational program, number9r Women university graduates (ISCED2011 levels 5 to 8) all educational program, number9s Women university graduates (ISCED2011 levels 5 to 8) all educational program, % total9t University graduates, (ISCED2011 levels 6 to 8) general/ academic programmes, number9u Women university graduates, (ISCED2011 levels 6 to 8) general/ academic programmes, number9v Women university graduates, % of total9w University graduates, (ISCED2011 levels 6 to 8) general/ academic programmes, science, number9x University graduates,(ISCED2011 levels 6 to 8) general/ academic programmes, engineering, number9y Women university graduates, (ISCED2011 levels 6 to 8) general/ academic programmes, science, number9z Women university graduates, (ISCED2011 levels 6 to 8) general/ academic programmes, engineering, numbera0 Women university graduates, (ISCED2011 levels 6 to 8) general/ academic programmes, science and engineering, % of totala1 Women university graduates, (ISCED2011 levels 6 to 7), general / academic programmes, numbera2 Women university graduates, % of totala3 University graduates,(ISCED2011 levels 6 to 7), science, numbera4 University graduates, (ISCED2011 levels 6 to 7), engineering, numbera5 Women university graduates, (ISCED2011 levels 6 to 7), science, numbera6 Women university graduates, (ISCED2011 levels 6 to 7), engineering, numbera7 Doctorate graduates,(ISCED2011 level 8) numbera8 Women doctorate graduates (ISCED2011 level 8), numbera9 Women doctorate graduates (ISCED2011 level 8), % of totalaa Doctorate graduates,(ISCED2011 level 8), science, numberab Doctorate graduates, (ISCED2011 level 8), engineering, numberac Doctoral graduate rate in science and engineering, performance index (STI Outlook)ad Women doctorate graduates,(ISCED2011 level 8), engineering, numberae Women doctorate graduates,(ISCED2011 level 8), science, numberaf Total enrolment at tertiary level (ISCED2011 levels 5 to 8), numberag International/foreign students at tertiary level (ISCED2011 levels 5 to 8), numberah International/foreign students at tertiary level (ISCED2011 levels 5 to 8), % total enrolment at tertiary-levelai International/foreign students at doctoral level (ISCED2011 level 8), numberaj International/foreign students at doctoral level (ISCED2011 level 8), % total enrolment at doctorate levelak Researchers, FTEal Researchers, headcountam Researchers, per thousand employmentan Women researchers, headcountao Women researchers, % of total researchersap Women, glass ceiling indexaq Researchers employed in the public sector, headcount, % totalar R&D personnel, FTEas R&D personnel, per thousand total employmentat Internationally mobile scientific authors, % of totalau Internationally mobile scientific authors, new incomers, % of total scientific authorsav Internationally mobile scientific authors, returnees, % of total scientific authorsaw Fixed broadband subscribers, millionax Fixed broadband subscribers, per 100 inhabitantsay Fixed broadband subscribers, performance index (STI Outlook)az Wireless broadband subscribers, millionb0 Wireless broadband subscribers, per 100 inhabitantsb1 Wireless broadband subscribers, performance index (STI Outlook)b2 Cybersecurity (select): Secure servers, per 100 thousand inhabitantsb3 Internet users, per 100 inhabitantsb4 Internet users,16-24 , % 16-24 years old populationb5 Internet users by age, 65-74, % 65-74 years old populationb6 Small enterprises using cloud computing services, % small enterprisesb7 Medium enterprises using cloud computing services, % medium enterprisesb8 Large enterprises using cloud computing services, % large enterprisesb9 E-government development indexba E-government readiness, performance index (STI Outlook)bb Debt financing (select): Loans (select): SME loans, % in total business loansbc Venture capital, millions USDbd Venture capital, % of GDPbe Venture capital, performance index (STI Outlook)bf Product market regulation index (PMR)(select)bg PMR - State controlbh PMR - State control, Public ownershipbi PMR - State control, Involvement in business operationbj PMR - Barriers to entrepreneurshipbk PMR - Barriers to entrepreneurship, Complexity of regulatory proceduresbl PMR - Barriers to entrepreneurship, Administrative burdens on startupsbm PMR - Barriers to entrepreneurship, Regulatory protection of incumbentsbn PMR - Barriers to trade and investmentbo PMR - Barriers to trade and investment, Explicit barriersbp PMR - Barriers to trade and investment, Other barriersbq PMR - Ease of entrepreneurship indexbr Ease of entrepreneurship, performance index (STI Outlook)bs EPL - Strictness of employment protection – individual dismissals (regular contracts)bt EPL - Strictness of employment protection – collective dismissals (regular contracts)bu EPL - Strictness of employment protection – temporary contractsbv Top 20 universities, numberbw Top 100 universities, numberbx Top 200 universities, numberby Top 500 universities, numberbz Top 500 universities, per million populationc0 Top 500 universities, per GDP billion USD PPPsc1 Top 500 universities, performance index (STI Outlook)c2 Top 500 corporate R&D investors, numberc3 Top 500 corporate R&D investors per million populationc4 Top 500 corporate R&D investors, per GDP USD PPPsc5 Top 500 corporate R&D investors, performance index (STI Outlook)c6 R&D expenditures of foreign affiliates, million NCc7 R&D expenditures of foreign affiliates, % of total R&D expenditure of enterprisesc8 R&D expenditures of foreign affiliates, % of GDPc9 R&D expenditures of domestic firms outward, million NCca R&D expenditures of domestic firms outward, % of total R&D expenditure of enterprisescb R&D expenditures of domestic firms outward, % of GDPcc Foreign ownership of patents, number of PCT patent applicationscd Foreign ownership of patents, % of all PCT patent applicationsce Domestic ownership of patents invented or co-invented abroad, number of PCT patent applicationscf Domestic ownership of patents invented or co-invented abroad, % of PCT patent applications by residentscg Young patenting firms, per billion USD PPPs GDPch Young patenting firms, performance index (STI Outlook)ci Scientific publications (select): Scientific publication output among world's 10% most cited documentscj Quality of scientific publications (select): Publications in the top-quartile journals, performance index (STI Outlook)ck International co-authorship, performance index (STI Outlook)cl Triadic patent families, numbercm Triadic patent families, per GDP billion USD PPPscn Triadic patent families, performance index (STI Outlook)co Triadic patent families, world share, %cp Patents filed under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) (select): PCT patents, number of applicationscq IP5 patents families filed by universities and PRIs, % of all IP5 patents families applicationscr IP5 patents families filed by universities and PRIs in biotechnology, % of all IP5 patents families applicationscs IP5 patents families filed by universities and PRIs in nanotechnology, % of all IP5 patents families applicationsct IP5 patents families filed by universities and PRIs in environment related technologies, % of all IP5 patents families applicationscu IP5 patents families filed by universities and PRIs in ICT, % of all IP5 patents families applicationscv RTA in biotechnologiescw RTA in ICTcx RTA in environment-related technologiescy International co-invention, % of total ip5 patent applicationscz International co-invention, performance index (STI Outlook)d0 Trademarks (select): Trademarks abroad, per GDP billion USD PPPs d1 Trademarks, performance index (STI Outlook)d2 Employer enterprise births, number (total industry and market services)d3 Employer enterprise birth rate, total economy, % of active enterprises with at least one employeed4 Employer enterprise deaths, numberd5 Employer enterprise death rate, % of % of active enterprises with at least one employeed6 GDP, million NCd7 GDP, million USD PPPd8 GDP, million constant USD PPPsd9 GDP, annual growth rate at constant prices, %da GDP per capita, USD PPPsdb GDP per capita, constant USD PPPsdc Labour productivity, GDP per hour worked, USD PPPsdd Labour productivity, GDP per hour worked, constant USD PPPsde Labour productivity, annual growth rate at constant prices, %df Labour productivity, GDP per hour worked, index 2005=100dg International trade and competitiveness (select): Trade in global value chains (select): Value-added by foreign industries (select): Foreign value-added in exports, % of total gross exportsdh Environmental productivity,unit of CO2 emitted per GDP,2005 constant USD PPPsdi Environmental productivity, GDP per unit of CO2 emitted, annual growth rate at constant prices, %dj Environmental productivity, GDP per unit of CO2 emitted, index 2005=100dk Environmental productivity, NNI per unit of CO2 emitted, annual growth rate at constant prices, %dl Environmental productivity, NNI per unit of CO2 emitted, USD PPPsdm Population, totaldn Population, working agedo Population, women, working agedp Median age populationdq Population, 65+dr Population, 65+, % of totalds Population, 80+dt Population, 80+, % of totaldu Population, <15dv Population, <15, % totaldw Population, dependentdx Dependency ratio, % of working age populationdy Old-age dependency ratio, % of working age populationdz Youth dependency ratio, % of working age populatione0 Labour force, civiliane1 Labour force, civilian, 15-24, thousande2 Employment, totale3 Employment rate, % of working-age populatione4 Employment rate, women, % women in working-age populatione5 Vulnerable employment, % of total employmente6 Vulnerable employment, women, % of women in employmente7 Unemployed persons, thousande8 Unemployment rate, % civilian of labour forcee9 Unemployment rate, women, % civilian of labour forceea Youth unemployment rate, 15-24, % of civilian labour forceeb Gini coefficient at disposable income, post taxes and transfers (income inequality)ec Income gap between the 10% richest and poorest 10%, disposable income - Method 2012ed Ratio top decile/first decile of real household net disposable income - Method 2011ee Poor population, after taxes and transfers, % total population (poverty rate)
Science Technology and Innovation Outlook 2016
methods, notes and classification
Explanatory Notes 
Variables